Com class- Blog Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Com class- Blog - Essay Example This is an important reminder of how communication from individual to individual can be felt even through a recording. Communication is very powerful and wonderfully shown through the voice of slaves. The culture of the African American who has experienced such slavery is full of much hurt and pride. The listener can understand the hurt and frustration that these slaves had to experience. A sense of pride is also noticed because the African Americans seem to be proud that they have come such a long way. The language used by the slaves is the English Language. Although the language is English, the slaves have a slang that is used and makes it hard to make out at times. The language is perceived to be broken English. After reviewing some of the voices and the folklore songs it was important to develop recognition of the way the African American culture speaks and refers to things. This deciphering of language is used by many without recognition that one is even doing it. Language is wh at allows the listener to comprehend what is being projected by the African Americans. â€Å"Language is the primary means people use to communicate with one another† (Words and Meaning). This form of language through music such as folklore is common in many cultures. The folklore music presented by the African American slaves is like a story told in a different language.

Comparison of the retail for Soda for Kroger and Circle K Essay

Comparison of the retail for Soda for Kroger and Circle K - Essay Example In comparison and contrast to Kroger, Circle K utilizes a much more aggressive level of advertising with respect to their own line of soft drinks. Publicity, direct marketing, sales and promotion, advertising, and interactive marketing all play a prominent role with respect to the degree and extent to which Circle K products are represented to the individual consumer within society. Interestingly, with respect to store design and display, Circle K helps to differentiate and separate the product that they are promoting as compared to Kroger. As such, rather than displaying Circle K’s line of soda directly alongside its competitors, it is represented within an entirely different section of the store; lending it to be understood/interpreted by the consumer as not only a replacement product but somehow incomparable. Once again, the retailer’s competitive advantage is with regards to low-cost. However, in addition to this low cost competitive advantage, Circle K is also able to offer the consumer with the tangential benefit of a great many different choices as compared to the

Terminology And Description Of Human Movement English Language Essay

Terminology And Description Of Human Movement English Language Essay If you have ever gone to the doctors with an injured joint or muscle, you will notice that doctors use a special terminology. When referring to the patient, for example, they might report limited range of motion or patient cannot flex forcefully or subject reports pain during abduction of the humerus. This scientific or medical type terminology has been developed over 100s of years to allow very precise and concise description of movement of human body parts. When used correctly it allows one to totally understand a movement pattern without actually being able to see it, but more importantly, it allows for correct describing of human movement. This same terminology is also used in the field of exercise science and kinesiology to describe the movements in sports, games and injuries. In this chapter we will take a detailed look at the language and terms used in human movement terminology. As we aforementioned, this specific terminology is also used in the exercise science field and throughout all healthcare professions. This specific terminology, also called nomenclature, may sound a little technical, but it helps ensure that we know exactly what someone means and there is little room for discrepancy. For example, one could say the soccer player was swinging her leg. By this we could mean swinging front to back or side to side whereas if we say flexion and extension of the femur we would realize this meant swinging from front to back. There is a comprehensive list of movement terminology that basically allows us to describe every movement in our body and we even have specific terms that are used only with particular body parts. For example, our feet and hands have specific terminology such as plantar flexion and ulnar deviation. We will look at this terminology in detail to allow us to be able to fully describe the vast majority of basic human movements. However befor e we consider the details of specific movement terminology let us look at some related motion terminology. Forms of Motion Virtually all human movements are a combination of movements occurring in different directions. In the next section we will see that these directions are actually referred to as planes and there are three cardinal planes, namely, sagittal, frontal, and transverse. Our movements are in fact quite complex since we have multiple actions contributing to any movement. In other words, we rarely perform an isolated movement with one limb that is confined to a particular plane. Our movements also involve both straight and rotational movements which we refer to as linear and angular motion. Thus our movements combine both linear and angular motion components. Both linear and angular are pure forms of motion in their isolated state but most of our movements are not isolated. Therefore, since our movements require multiple joints and limbs to act together we also refer to a combination term as general movement. The basic definition for linear motion is motion along a straight line or a curved line with all body parts moving in the same direction at the same speed. If you think about this youll realize this would be quite difficult because when a human runs, their arms and legs are swinging back and forth and the trunk simply moves forward. Therefore, we use some other terms to describe motion. Rectilinear: motion a long a straight line. Imagine a skater gliding on the ice. All body parts are moving at same speed through same range of motion. Curvilinear: motion along a curved line. Imagine the flight path of a javelin after release. Angular: motion involving rotation around a fixed point. This is actually the type of motion that most of our limbs go through as we move. The difference between angular and curvilinear is that with angular motion any point on the rotating body is always the same distance from the axis of rotation. General: this is a combination motion involving any two or more of the above types of motion. Review Questions: Types of motion 1. Provide a one-word definition and provide two examples of the following (try to use different example from those previously used, or that I gave you): a. Motion along a straight line: b. Motion around a central/fixed point: c. A complex combination of linear and angular motion: d. Motion along a varied path: 2. Fit the following into motion categories: a. A skimming stone on the lake: Curvilinear b. A javelin throw (be careful): Curvilinear c. Skater gliding on the ice: Rectilinear d. A car accelerating on the highway: Rectilinear e. A car decelerating on the highway: Rectilinear f. A plane taking off: Curvilinear g. A 10M platform dive: General h. A soccer kick: Angular 3. In your own words provide a definition for each type of motion we discussed. Basic Terminology In order to correctly describe a movement pattern and end up in a specific position, there needs to be an agreed upon starting position for all basic movements. This agreed upon starting position is referred to as the Anatomical Reference Position. Anatomical Reference Position (AP) This AP is an erect (upright) standing position with feet about shoulder width apart and the palms of the hand facing forward. All body parts are facing forward in the AP position (Please see figure 1.) If you assume this standing position you will notice it is not a natural, relaxed standing position as you must turn your palms outwards. You will notice that you palms naturally want to turn inwards towards your thighs. If you stand in this position with your hands forward it is referred to as the fundamental standing position. It is essentially the same as the anatomical reference position except the palms face inwards. (See figure 2.) When our bodies are in the anatomical reference position, we consider our joints and body parts to be in the neutral or zero degrees position. Therefore, any movement from this AP constitutes a rotation around some joint. The movement away from the AP is then classified or named appropriately. All of the motion that occurs will occur in one (or a combination) of the planes of motion we described earlier in the chapter, i.e., sagittal, frontal, or transverse. Therefore, we can learn body movements according to the plane of motion in which they occur. For example, any extension movement usually occurs in the sagittal plane, abduction or adduction movements occur in the frontal plane and rotational movements occur in the transverse plane. There are numerous types of movement. Lets take a look at these movements according to the plane in which they occur and then we can look at some movements with unique terms due to their particular association with a specific joint. Cardinal Reference Planes Now that we have an agreed starting position we need to look at dividing the body into sections or segments. Some of these segments, such as upper and lower body, will be reviewed later in the chapter. We divide the body into segments so that we can more accurately describe the direction of movements or actions. In the human body we refer to these as cardinal reference planes. These planes are all imaginary lines. A plane is a two dimensional surface with orientation defined by spatial coordinates. Each plane has a corresponding axis around which movements in that plane take place. Having this arrangement allows us further clarity in describing movements. There are three planes in the body that correspond to the three dimensions of space. The orientation is such that each plane is perpendicular to the other two. There is also a relationship between the intersection of these planes and the center of gravity of the body. Since each plane bisects the body, it therefore must pass through the center of gravity. Thus, the center of gravity is defined as that point where the three planes intersect each other. The line of gravity which is slightly different from the center of gravity is simply a vertical line that passes through the center of gravity. Insert figure of planes. Note: All planes could be shown in same figure. A plane is simply a flat surface that divides the body into two parts. All planes are also imaginary lines that divide the body. The sagittal plane is an imaginary line that divides the body vertically into right and left halves of equal mass. This plane is also sometimes referred to as the anteroposterior plane. The imaginary line runs from the front (anterior) to the back (posterior) and also from the top (superior) to the bottom (inferior) of the body. (Please see figure 3.) If you can imagine cutting a bagel in half so you have two semi-circle halves, this would be a sagittal plane cut. Certain movement types, such as flexion and extension movements, are examples of movements occurring in the sagittal plane. These movement patterns will be discussed in more detail later. Sagittal Plane Movements Extension a straightening movement resulting in an increased joint angle. Bones move apart. Flexion a bending movement that results in a decreased joint angle. Bones move closer together. Hyperextension a straightening movement where joint extends beyond starting or neutral position. Unique Sagittal Plane Movements Dorsi Flexion flexion movement of the ankle where the top of the foot moves toward the anterior tibia. Plantar Flexion extension movement of the ankle where the toes move away from the body (pointing your toes). The frontal plane divides the body vertically into front and back halves of equal mass. This plane is also sometimes referred to as the lateral or coronal plane and runs side to side dividing the body into anterior and posterior parts. (See figure 4.) If you can imagine slicing your bagel in half to put in the toaster you would make the cut along the frontal plane. Certain movement types, such as abduction and adduction movements, are examples of movements occurring in the frontal plane. These movement patterns will be discussed in more detail later. Frontal Plane Movements Primary Abduction movement away from the body Adduction movement towards the body For example performing a jumping back would require both of these movements Specialized Lateral flexion of the trunk right/left Radial/ulnar deviation (wrist) Elevation/depression (scapula) Inversion/eversion (subtalar foot) The transverse plane is the final plane and divides the body into top (superior) and bottom (inferior) halves of equal mass. It is sometimes referred to as the horizontal plane and runs from side to side and anterior to posterior. Most actions that involve rotation of the whole body (or part of it) occur in the transverse plane. For example, throwing a discus or executing a tennis serve are examples of movements in the transverse plane. Other specific movements also exist. Certain movement types, such as supination and pronation movements, are additional examples of movements occurring in the transverse plane. These movement patterns will be discussed in more detail later. Transverse Plane Movements Primary Internal (medial) rotation External (lateral) rotation Specialized Right/left rotation (head, neck and trunk) Supination/pronation (forearm and whole body) Horizontal adduction/flexion (shoulder joint) Horizontal abduction/extension (shoulder joint) Note 1: All sagittal planes are perpendicular to all frontal planes which, in turn, are perpendicular to all transverse planes. Note 2: One can make many sagittal plane, or frontal plane or transverse plane dissections through the body, but only those that dissect the center of gravity or the mid-point are referred to as cardinal planes. Cardinal Axes Any time a joint moves it moves in a particular plane or combination of planes. At the same time the joint in question is also rotating around an axis. The axis refers to the type of movement of the joint and is directly related to the plane of movement. So, the cardinal axes refer to lines that are perpendicular to a particular cardinal plane. Therefore a movement that occurs in a particular plane always occurs in the same axis, so it is a good idea to learn planes and axes in pairs. The transverse axis is always associated with the sagittal plane. Imagine an axis running perpendicular to the sagtittal plane. It sometimes helps to visualize movements. For example, if someone were to perform a leg extension exercise, this movement would be in the sagittal plane. If you were to insert a bar through the knee and still allow the motion to occur it would have to be placed in the anteroposterior axis, in other words, inserted from the side. This would allow the perpendicular axis to be performed. (See figure ?.) Other terms used for this axis include lateral, medial, or somersault axis. Using the same logic we can now determine the positioning of the axis for the frontal and transverse planes. All frontal plane movements occur in the anteroposterior axis. (This is sometimes called the sagittal, or cartwheel axis.) Using our visual and a cartwheel, we can see the wheel rotates around an axis that would go through the belly somewhere from front to back. (See figure?) All transverse plane movements occur in the longitudinal axis (or vertical or twist axis). This axis runs from top to bottom or the length of the body segment. Again using the visual of a figure skater doing a pirouette, the pirouette takes place in the transverse plane with a longitudinal axis. Therefore the axis runs through the body from top to bottom. (See figure?) Try these practice problems Planes of Motion 1. Identify three simple movements that occur predominantly in each of the following planes: a: sagittal b: frontal c: transverse 2. Identify three different movement actions that occur in each axis: a: transverse b: anterioposterior c: longitudinal 3. Give the names of the planes and axes in which the following motions occur! a. Stepping up a step? Sagittal, transverse axis. b. Side step with the right leg? Frontal, s anteroposterior axis. c. Shaking your head no? Transverse, longitudinal axis. d. Straight sit-up? Sagittal, transverse axis. e. Side bending of the trunk? Frontal, anteroposterior axis. f. Cartwheel? Frontal, anteroposterior axis. g. Throwing a discus? Transverse, longitudinal axis. h. Throwing a dart? Sagittal, transverse axis. The Plane-Axis Relationship So remember, if we learn our planes and axis in pairs we will easily remember that: All sagittal plane movements occur in the transverse axis! All frontal plane movements occur in the anteroposterior axis! All transverse plane movements occur in the longitudinal axis! This consistent relationship between planes and axis allows you to remember planes and axis more easily. If you can identify either the plane or the axis for a particular movement then you will automatically have figured out the other (provided you remember the pairing). For example, if one evaluates the movement plane and axis of the bicep curl you might easily determine that the movement plane is sagittal. If you identify this correctly then the axis of rotation is automatically the transverse axis. Movement Plane Æ’Â   automatic Æ’Â   Axis of rotation Sagittal Transverse Frontal Anteroposterior Transverse Longitudinal An additional way to help identify planes and axis is to remember that certain anatomical movements are usually associated with a corresponding plane and axis. For example, flexion and extension movements occur in the sagittal plane around the transverse axis. Abduction and adduction occur in the frontal plane around the anteroposterior axis and finally, rotational movements like pronation and supination occur in the transverse plan around the longitudinal axis. We will look more specifically at these movement actions in the next section. Basic Movement Pattern Terminology In each of the three planes several distinct movement patterns occur. However, what is lacking in these descriptive terms is any reference to direction. In other words, if someone performs arm flexion, we dont really know the direction. For that reason we have numerous other terms that we refer to as anatomical directional terminology that provide us with more detailed information about the orientation of a particular movement. These terms have clear cut word root origins. If you can learn these word root meanings, you will be able to piece together the meanings for most of these terms. There are some unique terms like ventral (relating specifically to the belly or abdomen) which youll just have to learn. The list below contains the relevant terms you you learn. Anatomical Directional Terminology I Can you fill in the meaning of each term? Anterior: Front Anteroinferior: Front below Anterolateral: Front side Anteromedial: Front middle Anteroposterior / Anterosuperior: Front rear/ front top Contralateral: Opposite side Distal: Away from origin Dorsal: Back Inferior: (infra) Below Ipsilateral: Same side Lateral: side Medial: Midline Posterior: behind Posteroinferior: / Posterolateral: Behind below/ behind beside Posteromedial: / Posterosuperior: Behind inside/ behind upper Prone: Face down Proximal: Near origin Superior: Above Supine: Face up Ventral: Relating to the belly or abdomen (can also be use mean deep). Anatomical Directional Terminology II Below are some other terms that fall into a general category. Protraction: forward movement of the shoulder girdle away from the spine. Retraction: backward movement of the shoulder girdle away from the spine. Horizontal abduction: movement of the humerus in the horizontal plane away from the midline. Horizontal adduction: movement of the humerus in the horizontal plane towards the midline Opposition of the thumb: diagonal movement of the thumb across the palmar surface. Upward rotation: Superior movement of the shoulders. Lateral flexion: sideways bending. Hyperextension: Extension beyond normal resting position. Cervical rotation: turning your head left or right. Plane specific movements Sagittal plane movements Dorsiflexion: bringing the top of your foot towards your lower leg. Plantarflexion: extending or planting your foot (pointing your toes away from you). Frontal plane movements Elevation: moving your shoulder girdle (blades) upwards/superior. Depression: moving your girdles downwards/inferior. Eversion: rotating the sole of your foot outwards. Inversion: rotating the sole of your foot inwards. Radial deviation: rotating your hand at the wrist towards your thumb (like hitchhiking). Transverse plane movements Supination: outward rotation of the forearm so palm faces outwards or upwards. Pronation: opposite of supination where forearm rotates so palm faces downward or inwards. Ulnar deviation: rotating your hand towards your ulna (opposite of radial deviation). Whole body Movement Terminology In this category we can consider other terms that apply more generally. Circumduction: circular movement of a body segment. Circumduction involves flexion, extension, abduction and adduction. Reduction: a return to the normal resting position. Review Problems: Directional terminology 1. What is the term when one stands erect with palms facing outward? Anatomical reference position From this position what do you call the movement when you:- 2. Bend your elbow from a fully straight to a 90o bent position? Elbow flexion 3. Maintain the 90o elbow bent position, but turn your palm down? Pronation 4. Maintain the 90o elbow bent position, but turn your palm up? Supination 5. Maintain the 90o elbow bent position, keep your elbow touching your side, turn your arm out so your fingers are pointing directly away from your side? External/ lateral (outward) rotation 6. Maintain the 90o elbow bent position, keep your elbow touching your side, and turn your arm back so that your fingers are pointing directly forward? Internal/ medial (inward) rotation 7. Straighten your elbow? Extension 8. Move your arm laterally away from your side until it is parallel to the floor? Abduction 9. Move your arm back down to your side? Adduction 10. Turn your head to the right? 11. Bend forward at the waist? 12. Return to starting position? Review questions: Synonyms Give the synonyms that are used for ankle, spine, and wrist movements in the following list. Also describe using the rule of three and identify the primary cardinal axis! Ankle 1. Dorsiflexion? Foot flexion 2. Plantarflexion? Foot extension Spine 3. Flexion? Bending forward 4. Extension? Standing up 5. Lateral flexion?Bending to side Wrist 6. Radial deviation? Lateral deviation 7. Ulnar deviation? Medial deviation 8. Can you think of any other anatomical movement synonyms? The Rule of Three: Motion Bone Joint The rule of three is a simple anatomical guideline for describing a movement pattern. It allows us to describe a movement in a specific order sequence to allow accurate movement. In the rule of three we refer to the movement type first, for example, flexion or extension. Secondly, we refer to the bone that moves. Thirdly, we refer to the joint around which the action occurs. Hence, we refer to the movement in this sequenced order, i.e., movement Æ’Â   bone Æ’Â   joint. Using this approach really helps with the clarification of particular movement. Look at this example. If you asked your friend to extend their leg they could actually do a couple of things and still extend their leg. They could: Lift their entire leg straight out in front. Push their entire leg straight back. Sit on a chair and straighten out the lower leg. So you see there are several options and it can become confusing. If we use the rule of three we can give very specific instructions. For this movement sequence we would actualy say, Extend your (right) leg at the knee, which would require they perform a knee extension action described in #3 above. This way there is no lack of clarity around which movement is needed. You try the following: Lets use the data from above again. Describe the following movements using the rule of three. The first one is done for you. Start in the AP position. It might be a good idea to briefly define the rule of three here first. From this position how do you describe the movement when you:- 1. Bend your elbow from a fully straight to a 90o bent position? The correct answer is flexion of the forearm at the elbow not flexion of the elbow. 2. Maintain the 90o elbow bent position, but turn your palm down? 3. Maintain the 90o elbow bent position, but turn your palm up? 4. Maintain the 90o elbow bent position, keep your elbow touching your side, and turn your arm out so that your fingers are pointing directly away from your side? 5. Maintain the 90o elbow bent position, keep your elbow touching your side, and turn your arm back so that your fingers are pointing directly forward? 6. Straighten your elbow? 7. Move your arm laterally away from your side until it is parallel to the floor? 8. Move your arm back down to your side? 9. Turn your head to the right? 10. Bend forward at the waist? 11. Return to starting position? Conclusion In this chapter we have reviewed planes of motions, axis of rotations, the rule of three and some basic anatomical reference terminology. We have also learned that when describing movements we assume a universal starting position that is referred to as the anatomical reference position where one stands erect with hand by ones a side and palms facing inwards. Humans move in one, or a combination of three planes of movement and they are the sagittal, frontal, or transverse planes. Each movement in these planes is associated with the same axis of rotation, either transverse, anteroposterior, or longitudinal. There is a plane-axis relationship whereby each plane of motion is always associated with the same axis of rotation and this allows us to remember the planes and axis more easily. When we describe human movement we also use what is called the rule of three. In the rule of three we describe movement using the sequence of bone, movement, and joint. Using this approach a bicep curl wou ld be flexion of the forearm and the elbow. Using this basic language and the above guidelines we can ore accurately describe human movements. You will notice that there is often more than one term to describe a particular movement. Over the years different terminology has evolved and it is wise to learn the different terms that imply the same thing. For example, external rotation is the same as lateral rotation. In this text we provide you with the most accurate terms first but we will provide the alternative terminology where appropriate.

Joan Didions On Morality :: essays research papers

Morality is, in essence, subjugated by he who defines it. This being the case, morality (defined as right or wrong, good or evil) is malleable as long as it does not impede upon any “ipso facto virtue';(Didion). In the essay “On Morality';, by Joan Didion, this aspect ‘on morality’ is composed. This will be utilized to verify that William Saroyan’s (author of “Five Ripe Pears) guilt of an immoral action is conflicting given specified conditions. To begin, “On Morality'; is an essay of a woman who travels to Death Valley on an assignment arranged by The American Scholar. “I have been trying to think, because The American Scholar asked me to, in some abstract way about ‘morality,’ a word I distrust more every day….'; Her task is to generate a piece of work on morality, with which she succeeds notably. She is placed in an area where morality and stories run rampant. Several reports are about; each carried by a beer toting chitchat. More importantly, the region that she is in gains her mind; it allows her to see issues of morality as a certain mindset. The idea she provides says, as human beings, we cannot distinguish “what is ‘good’ and what is ‘evil’';. Morality has been so distorted by television and press that the definition within the human conscience is lost. This being the case, the only way to distinguish between good or bad is: all actions are sound as long as they do not hurt another person or persons. This is similar to a widely known essay called “Utilitarianism'; [Morality and the Good Life] by J.S. Mills with which he quotes “… actions are right in the proportion as they tend to promote happiness, wrong as they tend to produce the reverse of happiness.'; Consequently, Saroyan’s action of taking pears could be viewed as moral or immoral given certain circumstances. At the age of six, Saroyan was categorized as a thief for taking five pears from a tree. His argument, although a spiked fence protected the pear tree, is “some branches grew beyond the fence.'; This, to Saroyan, makes whatever is on the exposed branches public property. With Didion’s argument of morality, Saroyan is only guilty of immorality if his action hurt another individual/individuals. Thus, two seemingly obvious circumstances will be examined being as impartial as possible. Case one: First and foremost, the owner of the pear tree seems like an immediate victim of the taking of the fruit, although nothing is said about him/her in the essay.

Wednesday Syllabus

If you do not notify the experimenter prior to your scheduled time and the experimenter is forced to waste his or her time waiting for you, you will lose half of the credits that the study was worth. For example, if the study was worth 2 credits, then 1 credit will be deducted from the total number of credits that you have earned. Forgotten passwords. If you have lost or forgotten your password, please click on â€Å"Lost your password? Click here to retrieve it† on the website homepage. You will be asked to provide your encamps email address; the password will be sent directly to you.If, after having done this, the system indicates that the password could not be sent, please email Dry. Leach (Amy. [email  protected] Ca) your encamps email address, the name of your course, and the name of your instructor so that she can set up a new account for you. You will be notified when your new account has been created. Available Studies. The topics, methodologies, locations (Online vs .. North campus vs.. Downtown campus) and time durations of the studies will vary. We cannot guarantee how many studies will become available over the term or that there will be studies that interest you personally.Check the website periodically to see if a new study has been posted. However, do keep in mind that space in studies is restricted. Thus, you should check the website frequently to ensure that you are able to sign up for studies (and timeless) as they become available. Please do not contact Dry. Leach or your professor about the availability of studies because they do not know when new studies or timeless will become available. Individual experimenters are responsible or posting their own studies. Note that the last day of classes is the final day that you can participate in studies for extra credit.Study Restrictions. You may not be able to sign up for some of the posted studies. In some cases, this is because you have already participated in that particular study or a v ery similar study. In other cases, you might not meet the criteria for inclusion in the study (e. G. , you did not provide your contact information in the initial prescribe survey so that researchers could contact you). Keep in mind that studies should become available over the semester. Again, it is best to continue checking the website for updates. Forgotten Passwords.If you have lost or forgotten your password, please click Available Studies. The topics, methodologies, and time durations of the studies will likely vary. We cannot guarantee how many studies will become available over the term or that there will be studies that interest you personally. Check the website periodically to see if a new study has been posted. However, do keep in mind that space in studies is restricted. Thus, you should check the website frequently to ensure that you are able to sign p for studies (and timeless) as they become available. Please do not contact Dry.Leach or your professor about the availa bility of studies because they do not know when new studies or timeless will become available. Individual experimenters are responsible for posting their own studies. **Please note that the last day of classes is the final day that you can particular study or a very similar study. In Other cases, you might not meet Grading Disputes: Students who would like to dispute their grade on an exam must provide a written explanation, via email, of their concerns to the TA within one week of achieving their grade, prior to meeting with the TA.Only after receiving the written explanation will the TA review the exam. This documentation allows the TA to prepare for your meeting and, if possible, resolve any issues over email. When meeting with your T A, you must bring a written hard copy of your concerns. If you are unable to resolve the issues with the TA the TA will contact me and, after reviewing the situation, I will contact you to set up a meeting. So, it looks like this: Midterm 1 Midterm II 30% 35% Participation 5% Research (bonus) 5% Civility Bonus Total 106% Grading Scale:In accordance with Slot's grading policy, the following scale will be use: Grade Percentage Grade Points Description 90-100 4. 3 Excellent. Strong evidence of originality and independence of thought; good organization; capacity to analyze and synthesize; superior grasp of subject matter with sound critical evaluations; evidence of extensive knowledge base; an outstanding ability to communicate. 85-89 4. 0 80-84 3. 7 77-79 3. 3 Good.Substantial knowledge of subject matter; some evidence of organization and analytic ability; a moderate degree of originality and independence of thought; reasonable understanding of relevant issues; evidence of familiarity with literature; an ability to communicate clearly and fluently. 73-76 3. 0 70-72 2. 7 67-69 2. 3 Adequate. Student is profiting from his/her university experience; an acceptable understanding of the subject matter; ability to develop solutions to r epresentative problems in the material; some ability to organize and analyze ideas; an ability to communicate adequately. 60-66 2. 0 D 50-59 1. 0 Marginal. Some evidence that critical and analytic skills have been developed; rudimentary knowledge of the subject matter; significant weakness in the ability to communicate. F 0-49 0. 0 Inadequate. Little evidence of even superficial understanding of subject matter; weakness in critical and analytic skills; limited or irrelevant use of literature; failure to complete required work; an inability to communicate. *Academic Honesty Policy: Academic dishonesty will not be tolerated and may result in severe penalties.Regarding academic dishonesty, whether cheating, plagiarism or some other form of dishonest conduct related to academic coursework, draw your attention to the following points, as outlined in the Academic calendar. Read the following eve carefully! Many of you do not understand what plagiarism is, and I will discuss this issue fur ther in class. Academic misconduct includes, but is not limited to: Unreasonable infringement on the freedom of other members of the academic community (e. G. , disrupting classes or examinations, harassing, intimidating, or threatening others).Violation of safety regulations in a laboratory or other setting. Cheating on examinations, assignments, reports, or other work used to evaluate student performance. Cheating includes copying from another students work or allowing one's own work to be copied, submitting another person's work as one's own, fabrication of data, consultation with an unauthorized person during an examination, or use of unauthorized aids. Impersonating another student or allowing oneself to be impersonated for purposes of taking examinations, or carrying out laboratory or other assignments.Plagiarism, which is the act of presenting the ideas, words, or other intellectual property of another as one's own. The use of other people's work must be properly acknowledged and referenced in all written material. Obtaining by improper means examination papers, tests, or similar materials; use or distribution Of such materials to others. Falsifying academic records, including tests and examinations, or submitting false credentials for purpose of gaining admission to a program or course, or for any other purpose.Misrepresentation of facts, whether written or oral, which may have an effect on academic evaluation. This includes making fraudulent health claims, obtaining medical or other certificates under false pretenses, or altering certificates for the purposes of misrepresentation. Submission of work when a major portion has been previously submitted or is being submitted for another course, without the express permission of all instructors involved.

Urbanisation In The Gulf Corporation Council Countries Environmental Sciences Essay

With the current procedure of urbanization in the Gulf Corporation Council Countries, important alterations occur in their landscape. Such a procedure can take to an addition in the temperature of urban parts to go warmer than their rural milieus, organizing islands of higher temperatures. Within this context, some beginnings have shown that Centres of urban parts in hot clime similar to that of the GCCC experience elevated temperatures within the scope of 2-4  °C when compared to their rural milieus ( Wong and Jusuf, 2008 ) . This difference is what constitutes urban heat islands ( UHI ) which are usually formulated on surfaces and in the ambiance. Physically, there is no direct but important influence on each other, particularly in the instance of surfaces temperature. The addition in surface temperature impacts the strength of local and lee ambient air temperature, particularly the closest to the surfaces, because of assorted convective heat fluxes from the surface. Many factors contribute to the development of UHI. Some are related to the nature such as conditions and location. Others are related to human activity such as the decrease of flora and H2O organic structures, urban geometry and stuffs, and anthropogenetic heat ( EPA, 2012 ) . Sato et Al. ( 2008 ) , for illustration, assessed the UHI on an urban graduated table and compared the regional features of the atmospheric heat balance at the Centre of Tokyo. The consequence of this survey showed a decrease in atmospheric UHI due to the handiness of sea zephyr. Recent surveies in the development of UHI due to urban activities have been reviewed by Wong, Jusuf, Syafi, et Al ( 2011 ) . Saleh ( 2011 ) for case, evaluated the impact of urban growing in Baghdad metropolis on the surface UHI and recommended the integrating of remote detection and geographical information system ( GIS ) . While, Hung et Al ( 2006 ) used distant feeling for comparative appraisal of UHI in 18 mega metropoliss in both temperate a nd tropical clime parts and analysed the development of UHI in association with urban flora screens and surface energy fluxes. Much survey has analysed urban activities that contribute to the development of UHI. Giannopoulou et Al. ( 2011 ) carried out a elaborate statistical analysis of UHI features in Athens and concluded that the visual aspect of high air temperatures was reinforced by the increased urbanization and industrialization coupled with the increased anthropogenic heat and the deficiency of flora. Urban elements and surfaces play a important function in modifying the microclimate. This alteration has been evaluated by many surveies. Some considered the function of land usage such as Jusuf et Al. ( 2007 ) who showed the assorted impacts of land use on urban temperature. In the daylight, the industrial country was found to be with the highest surface temperature, followed by commercial, airport, residential, and park countries in falling order. During the dark clip, nevertheless, the order was commercial, residential, park, industrial, and airdrome. Other surveies such as that of Li et Al ( 2011 ) investigated how landscape composing and constellation would impact UHI in the metropolitan Centres based on the analysis of land surface temperature in relation to normalised difference flora index, flora fraction, and per centum imperviable surface country. The others studied the impact of urban surfaces. Lopes et Al. ( 2011 ) , for case, examined the impact of surfaces and aerodynamic raggedness and concluded that the addition in raggedness from windward would do a 40 % decrease of the air current velocity. Within this context, Huang et Al ( 2009 ) analysed the surface air temperature records every bit good as borehole subsurface temperature records and recommended the combination of heat conductivity in the subsurface and the heat convection of the air in order to gauge the full extent of urban heat island impacts on the environment The alteration of climatic conditions due to urban activities impacts the microclimate, thermic environment and quality of human life as can be seen in the increased energy demand for chilling edifices, elevated nursery gases and compromised human comfort. A recent survey by Lin et Al ( 2008 ) showed the impact UHI on the microclimate, including electrical storms. This survey found that the heat island impact over the field could unhinge thermic and dynamic procedures and hence impact the location of electrical storms and precipitation over Taiwan ‘s western field. Furthermore, alterations in the microclimate, peculiarly elevated temperatures during the summer months impact the energy ingestion. Flor et Al. ( 2004 ) showed that energy ingestion of edifices was related to solar tonss, air current flow forms and external air temperature. So, betterments on urban microclimate were direct and indirect effects on energy nest eggs. Stromann-Andersen and Sattrup ( 2011 ) examined the ways that the energy public presentation of low-energy edifices in a north-European scene was affected by their context and found that the geometry of urban canons had an impact on entire energy ingestion in the scope of up to 30 % for offices and 19 % for lodging. In Tokyo city, Huang et Al. ( 2005 ) used field measurings and numerical simulation plans to look into the existent position of an urban thermic environment in a complex urban country covering a big territory warming and chilling system, while, Kikegawa et Al. ( 2006 ) quantified the possible impacts of UHI countermeasures upon edifices energy usage during the summer and suggested two steps to cut down the chilling energy, viz. , decrease in the air-conditioning anthropogenetic heat and increasing vegetive fraction. Simultaneously, alterations in urban temperatures impact the thermic behavior of new built up countries. Robitu et Al. ( 2006 ) assessed this impact on urban microclimate, covering the function of flora and H2 O organic structures. While Fahmey and Sharples ( 2009 ) examined how urban signifier can be designed to move as a inactive thermal comfort system. At the same clip, Wong, Nichol, Ng ( 2011 ) assessed the impact of â€Å" wall consequence † edifices on urban temperature within densely territories and stated that taking some costal edifices was indispensable to increase air airing to urban countries inland. In their surveies to look into the chilling public presentation in traditional and modern urban contexts in Dubai Al-Sallal and Al-Rais ( 2011 ) and Al-Sallal and Al-Rais ( 2012 ) found that narrow street canons in modern urban forms could speed up air currents velocity go throughing through it, ensuing in a better inactive chilling public presentation.Research aims and justificationTechnically, UHI is caused by urbanization when edifices, roads, and other substructure elements replace unfastened land or sea. This state of affairs is really obvious in the GCCC where the cur rent demand for lodging and substructure is increasing. As stated in subdivision 1, this demand is taking to the changing of landscape, from flora, sand and H2O to hard surface edifice blocks. Exposing these blocks to the direct Sun increases the temperature of their surfaces and the ambiance, and accordingly impacts the regional conditions, energy ingestion and thermic comfort through the alteration of climatic variables. However ; there are limited surveies measuring this impact on the new urban parts of the GCCC. Bahrain is an interesting topographic point to analyze the development of UHI and its deductions since it is as a little island province in the Gulf part, where there is a minor differentiation between urban and rural lands. Therefore, analysis on the urban enlargement in Bahrain is suited to analyze the tendency of increased temperature in the GCCC. This work, hence, purposes at measuring the impact of urbanization on the thermic behavior of new built up countries in Ba hrain. The chief focal point is placed on the summer period with the following aims: To measure the function of urban enlargement in the development of summer atmospheric UHI within the canopy bed. To analyze how the summer thermal behavior of new built up countries is affected by different urban elements. The result of this work may stand for interesting recommendations for urban contrivers refering with the betterment of thermic behavior with minimal energy ingestion. The first and most logical measure is to present a brief background about Bahrain.Bahrain profileAs depicted in Figure 1, Bahrain is a little archipelago, comprises a group of 40 islands. Recent statistics indicate that the land country consists of 735 km2 or approximately 3.5 times the size of Washington DC ( Fowler et al, 2006 ) . It is located in the Persian Gulf ( Besides known as the Arabian Gulf ) and here after referred to as the â€Å" Gulf part † with geographic locations extend from 50A ° 20Iˆ Tocopherol 50A ° 50Iˆ UZE for Longitudes, and from 25A ° 32Iˆ N to 26A ° 26Iˆ N for Latitudes. The clime of Bahrain can be described as a mild winter and highly hot summer ( Elagib and Abdu, 1997 ) . The features of this clime resemble those of waterless and semi-arid zones: rainfall is low , irregular, seasonal and variable, comparative humidness is besides high, particularly during the showery seasons, and temperatures are variable but high. Figure 2 shows a brief analysis of climatic elements in Bahrain. The analysis shows an overall annual mean temperature of 26.5oC with a monthly norm maximal temperature of 38oC ( August ) and a monthly norm minimal temperature of 14.4oC ( January ) . The monthly mean comparative humidness is 62 % , with a maximal monthly norm of 72 % and a minimal monthly norm of 50 % . Wind from North East way throughout the twelvemonth is a characteristic of Bahrain. The air current velocity norm shows little fluctuation, being by and large low from April to December with a monthly norm of 4.2 m/s, while from January to March it is good above 5.1 m/s, making a monthly norm of 5.2 m/s in February. Bahrain is blessed with a high solar radiation degree. The highest monthly norms of entire and direct radiation are 585 W/m2 and 383 W/m2. An of impor t point is that solar parametric quantities have about the same values at different sites in Bahrain. The aforesaid analysis illustrates the general clime measured at Bahrain international airdrome, which is rather different from local conditions conditions in many other locations. This work assesses alterations in the microclimate of a figure of sites all over Bahrain due to the current urbanization procedure, and analyze how such a procedure impact the summer thermal behavior of urban parts.Assessment methodological analysisAs introduced in subdivision 1, there are two types of UHI, viz. , atmospheric and surface heat islands. Different methods were reported ( EPA, 2012 ) to place these two types, including direct and indirect methods, numerical modeling, and estimations based on empirical theoretical accounts. This work uses assorted methods to measure the UHI. The appraisal passed through two chief stairss: foremost, measuring the impact of urbanization on the atmospheric UHI within the canopy bed, and 2nd, measuring the alteration in the thermic behavior of new built up countrie s due to different urban elements. Figure 3 illustrates the procedure of informations aggregation, analysis and consequences.Step-1: Measuring the impact of urbanization on the atmospheric UHIIn general footings the features of atmospheric UHI were analysed by utilizing, physical measurings, advanced statistics of conditions informations and applications of geographical information systems ( GIS ) .Physical measurings and conditions informationsAs depicted in Table 1, the undermentioned informations and tools were utilised to analyze the impact of urban enlargement on the development of atmospheric UHI. Assorted maestro programs and land usage maps provided by the Urban Planning Department ( 2010 ) . They were collected as digital and scanned transcripts and related to the period between 1960 and 2010. Distant feeling informations: orbiter images obtained from Landsat 7 ( USGS. 2010 ) . Temperature informations and sets of elaborate measured conditions informations provided by the Meteorological Directorate ( 2010 ) . Temperature values and other conditions informations were collected as digital transcripts. They were measured by utilizing fixed and nomadic meteoric Stationss in the airdrome and other sites all over Bahrain and were related to 2009.GIS applicationsA figure of GIS applications were used in this analysis, including: Google Earth application ( 2010 ) was used to place studied countries and rapid climb into hot musca volitanss. ArcGIS-ArcMap 9.3 applications ( ESRI, 2008 ) were foremost used to change over digital and scanned maestro programs, map orbiter images every bit good as digital conditions informations to vectors ( shape-files ) . It so were utilised to oblige informations ; pull off geographic information and registry and use raster sheathing procedure. Environmental patterning package: ENVI 4.5 ( 2008 ) was used for an accurate spatial and geostatic analysis. To place the features of urban enlargement during the last few decennaries, remote feeling informations and governmental studies represented by orbiter images, land usage maps and maestro programs ( 1960-2010 ) were superimposed by agencies of Google Earth ( Google Earth, 2010 ) and GIS application-ArcMap ( ESRI, 2008 ) . Weather information of the survey sites were so used to measure the strength of UHI due to urban enlargement. These informations were inserted into the GIS applications in order to make weather informations shape-files utilizing the ArcMap and to bring forth temperature profiles of sites under survey. ArcMap was besides used for enrollment procedure and using raster sheathing procedure. For more accurate spatial and geostatic analyses, the consequences were loaded into the ENVI package ( ENVI, 2008 ) . Using this package enabled to cognize the sum built up countries in combination with the temperature classes every bit good as to obtain elaborate information on the value of each temperature category per location. Given that UHI impacts the summer thermal behavior, specific temperature informations of two summer yearss ( 15 of June & A ; 21 of August ) were analysed. They were chosen based on the highest mean entire solar radiation and the highest mean hourly average temperature. In add-on, 21st of August was identified by some scientific surveies ( Radhi, 2009 ) as being the summer design twenty-four hours. The chief focal point of this survey was placed on the peak hr and therefore, mean average air temperature differences during the period between 15.00 and 16.00 autopsies were computed for two yearss. Temperatures reordered at Bahrain international airdrome were considered as the mention instance. The temperature differences between the mention instance and other 13 survey sites were calculated. The survey sites and their features are given in Table 2.Step-2: Measuring the impact of urban elements on UHIIn add-on to the consequences of step-1, elaborate measured weather informations, the S ketchUp package ( 2010 ) and computational fluid kineticss ( CFD ) applications, represented by PHOENICS ( Cham, 2011 ) were utilised to analyze the thermic behavior of new built up countries. PHOENICS is a general intent CFD package bundle. It predicts quantitatively how fluids such as air flow in and around edifices. PHOENICS was chosen due to its pre-processing, data-processing and post-processing capablenesss. Table 3 high spots these capablenesss every bit good as the restrictions of this bundle. With regard to the current instance, PHOENICS allows the definition of the transient Sun angle and the strength of the thermal radiation which is a map of clip. It besides enables constructing up urban surfaces and landscape elements ( e.g. , edifices, roads and H2O organic structures from different stuffs, which can be selected from a constitutional belongings data-base. In some instances ( flora ) new stuffs are added to the bing data-base through the FORTRAN user modus operandis. Two theoretical accounts, stand foring two major territories in Bahrain, were studied. They differ in footings of locations, construction, weather forecasting, typography, geometrical constellation and land screen. As illustrated in Figure 4, the first territory is WADI AL-SAIL ( WD-SL ) , located in the center of Bahrain with hot waterless conditions. The 2nd is AMWAJ ISLANDS ( AMJ-ISLND ) . It is manmade islands in the northern costal with hot humid conditions. Based on their specification and physical measurings, geometrical theoretical accounts were foremost developed utilizing the SketchUp package. These theoretical accounts were so exported into the PHOENICS application.Model scenes and boundary conditionsFigure 5 illustrates the developed theoretical accounts that reflect the overall dimensions of the solution sphere every bit good as the measurement points that were placed to enter temperatures with air current flow velocity. The survey countries were with the scope of 0.35 k m2 ( AMJ-ISLNDS ) and 0.18 km2 ( WD-SL ) . They were divided into ( squares ) cells by 30 points distributed along X and Y axes. The distance between axes was set at 100 m with an norm between 50 and 150 m matching to the distance between the urban elements. Maximal distance was limited by the street canons, landscape elements and boundaries of the survey countries. As the surface air temperature conventionally measured around 1.5 m ( Huang et al, 2009 ) , the tallness was set at 1.5-1.7 m above the land degree. As illustrated above in Figure 5, the two theoretical accounts contain different urban constituents to reflect the survey countries. The grid convergence and truth of the representation of non-orthogonal surfaces was improved by utilizing smaller grid spacing and in some instances specific grid parts were modified to increase the truth. The figure of cells was set to 450.000 for the WD-SL theoretical account and 500.000 for AMJ-ISLND. A great figure of CFD simulations were carried out. The figure of loops required till convergence ranged from 115000 for the former to 125000 for the latter. Table 4 shows the boundary conditions of the two instances. They were determined by solar radiation, out-of-door temperature and air current flow during the summer design twenty-four hours between 15.00 and 14.00 autopsy.Urban modeling attackPHOENICS ( Cham, 2010 ) and its convergent thinker ( Earth ) were used for an accurate analysis and to let whizzing in on the inside informations of the air mo tion and temperature and fluxing distribution within the theoretical accounts. The regulating partial differential equations for preservation of mass, impulse, and energy in a turbulent flow system is shown in the undermentioned equation, and solved with a common numerical algorithm in the codification: ( 1 ) PHOENICS solves a finite-volume preparation of the balance equation beginning term. It uses air as a default flow medium with temperature dependant belongingss and is supplied with several agencies of calculating heat transportation. The current simulation was performed utilizing: Turbulence: the RNG k-I µ theoretical account Thermal radiation: the IMMERSOL ( Immersed solid ) theoretical account Air turbulency represented by the renormalisation group ( RNG ) turbulency theoretical account was used to foretell the flow and motion of air and temperature response of the developed theoretical accounts. Assuming gravitation in the x-direction and utilizing the incompressible flow clip averaged equations, the RNG k-I µ is simplified as: ( 2 ) The RNG k-I µ is a RANS turbulency eddy-viscosity theoretical account and belongs to the subcategory called Two-Equations. The RNG k-I µ is one of the most common turbulency theoretical accounts in usage for airflow simulation in the reinforced environment. The usage of this theoretical account can be justified based on the many polishs occurred when compared with the criterions k-I µ ( Pasut & A ; Carli, 2012 ) . The disruptive kinetic energy Ks, rate of energy kinetic dissipation and the equation for turbulent eddy viscousness are illustrated in equations ( 3, 4 and 5 ) . ( 3 ) ( 4 ) ( 5 ) IMMERSOL ( Immersed solid ) theoretical account was utilised to attest the solar radiation. The usage of IMMERSOL is related to its ability to supply an economically-realisable estimate to the precise mathematical representation of radiative transportation, in add-on to its truth and plausibleness ( Cham, 2010 ) . During the simulation, the entire solar radiation is absorbed by the urban elements ( Q ) . Equation ( 6 ) shows that direct and diffuse radiation is stored by surfaces and therefore the radiation temperature T3 is the temperature of these surfaces. Within the urban parts, the distribution of beaming temperature derived from radiosity E = I? ( T3 ) 4, and can be represented by equation ( 7 ) . The beaming temperature between surfaces within the urban part can be computed at any location in the sphere. ( 6 ) ( 7 ) Where Equation 7 describes the air ( flow medium ) radiation in footings of conductivity. The impact of conductivity of surfaces and radiation between them can be specified by the immersed-solids temperature T throughout the sphere, with a position-and T-dependent conduction. Climatic conditions of the nearest locations were considered as mentions. The temperature differences between the mentions and examined territories were so calculated.Result and treatmentThis work foremost assesses the impact of urban enlargement on UHI. It so examines the thermic behavior of new built environments due to assorted urban elements and carried out numerical simulation for existent complex urban countries, covering two mixed-use territories.Urban enlargement in Bahrain ( 1960-2010 )Detection of urban enlargement in Bahrain was carried out utilizing assorted high declaration maestro programs, land usage maps and satellite images. Figure 6 illiterates the urban enlargement between 1960 and 2010. The illustr ation shows a major urbanization in the northern half of the island accompanied with a important desertification in the southern half. During the 1960th, the urban colonies system and land usage forms were influenced by the important alterations in economic and societal construction every bit good as the governmental engagement which played a major function in determining metropoliss and colonies. This can be seen clearly in the current morphology of Manama cardinal ( M.CNTRL ) and Muharraq. Simultaneously, new colonies and extensions of metropoliss such as Isa Town ( I.TOWN ) , Hamad Town ( H.TOWN ) and most late WADI Al-SEAL ( WD-SL ) were planned in a grid form. Heavy industrial composites were the feature of the late 1970th and the beginning of the 1980th. The analysis of this period showed that most mills were located on the East and North East sides of Bahrain Island, peculiarly in SITRA. In the late 1990th, a new two-folded scheme purposes at developing touristry and finance has been adopted. In footings of touristry, many substructure investings have been made to pull foreign and regional capitals in new touristry countries. A clear illustration is best seen in the investing of the auto rushing Formula-1 in the abandoned country of Suker ( SKR ) . Other illustrations are the immense shopping Centres and hypermarkets in M.CNTRL. The outgrowth of this tendency has been accompanied with systematic sea renewal. This attitude was expressed in the freshly developed and ample sites. An obvious illustration is seen in Bahrain Diplomatic country ( DPLMTC ) and the Financial Harbour ( BFH ) , which replaced the old haven ( O.SEAPORT ) . Durrat al -Bahrain ( DRT-BAH ) in the southern half of the island and AMWAJ ISLANDS ( AMJ-ISLND ) in North of Muharraq are other clear illustrations. The renewal is dispersed all over Bahrain Island, but is fundamentally located on the coastline. By 2010, between 65 and 75 km2 of costal country was reclaimed.Micro-climatic alteration introduced by urbanizationTo cipher the country of urban enlargement and land usage, ocular screen digitization technique was used. The urban built up countries were identified as polygons as illustrated above in Figure 6. It can be seen that the built up urban country increased indiscriminately more than four times during the last few decennaries. The geostatic analysis in Figure 7 shows an increasing tendency in all land usage classs with a fast rate in lodging, commercial and industrial land usage during different periods. Urban enlargement through sea renewal and destructive land usage, normally gives rise to a dramatic alteration in the landscape, as H2O org anic structures and natural surfaces are removed and replaced by non-evaporating and non-transpiring surfaces such as metal, asphalt and concrete. This procedure can take to increase the temperature and accordingly change the microclimate of new urban parts. Figure 8 compares mean average temperature values of the survey sites. Valuess during June exceed 30 oC in most locations ( Airport 33.7 oC ) , while values during August exceed 37 oC in urban lands ( Airport 38.4 oC ) , contributes to the being of higher temperature values in urban parts. The spacial analysis in Figure 9 shows the mean average temperatures of survey sites in the summer design twenty-four hours ( 21st of August ) . Some observations can be highlighted. First, the mean average temperatures of urban lands at the northern portion are higher than those of rural lands at the southern portion. Second, with the exclusion to the Budaiya country ( BUDYIA ) , the temperature differences between the Airport ( BASE ) and other urban lands in the northern parts are ever positive, which means that the air temperature in the airdrome is ever lower. The higher values are observed in the industrial territory of Sitra ( SITRA ) , followed by the commercial and concern territory of Manama cardinal ( M.CNTRL ) , and so the dumbly residential territories of Hamad Town ( H.TOWN ) , Isa Town ( I.TOWN ) and Hidd ( HIDD ) . These consequences may stand for the order of urban temperature reported by Jusuf et Al. ( 2007 ) . However, H.TOWN and I.TOWN are residential territories but with temperature values higher than the airdrome. This difference is due the location of the airdrome near to the sea, while the two residential territories are located in abandoned countries. Third, the temperature differences between the BASE and other rural lands in the southern portion are ever negative, which means that the temperature in the airdrome is ever higher. The lower values are observed in Blajj Al-Jazair ( B.JZR ) , followed by Durrat Al-Bahrain ( DRT-BHR ) and so the Sukar ( SKR ) country. Temperature values of SKR are the highest amongst others in the southern portion. This is merely because SKR is a abandoned country, where the auto rushing Formula-1 is constructed. In the instance of DRT.BHR, it is a new constructed urban territory with assorted land use. The costal location with sea zephyr may stand for an advantage for DRT.BAH. An of import point to observe is that the temperature values in islands such as Umm AL-Nassan ( U.NSN ) and Fashet Al-Jaram ( F.JRM ) are lower than most sites in Bahrain. U.NSN is occupied with some urban elements, and thereby, the temperature values are higher than in F.JRM with approximately 1.5 oC. Finally, Centres of metropolitan countries experiences higher temperatures when compared with their rural milieus. M.CNTRL, for illustration, is found to be warmer than the corresponding values of the AIRPORT every bit good as warmer than its costal boundaries, represented by DPMTC-AREA and BFH where the sea zephyr from the North East contributes towards lower temperatures. Harmonizing to the weather forecasting, the air temperature over sea is lower than that over land by at least 3oC. This is because of temperatures of sea surfaces which reaches 18oC, 35oC and 26.8oC for the lower limit ( January ) , maximal ( August ) and mean severally. The consequences in Figure 10 shows that temperature values in urban lands at the northern portion are higher than the corresponding values at the BASE by 2-3 oC every bit good as higher than values of rural lands at the southern portion by 3-5 oC. The performed geostatic and spacial analyses indicate that the higher temperature values are occurred at the northern portion due to assorted human activities. SITRA is with the highest values due to industrialization and anthropogenetic heat, followed by M.CNTRL due to ongoing monolithic concern and commercial enlargement coupled with heavy traffic, and so dumbly built territories such as H.TOWN, I.TOWN and HIDD due to high concentration of people and monolithic residential enlargement. BYDDIA country is with the lowest values amongst other urban lands due to the presence of flora coupled with its location near to the sea with predominating air current from North East seashore. With the recent ongoing lessening in green countries, rapid u rban and systematic land and sea renewal, it is expected that temperatures will increase more and act upon the thermic behavior in urban parts. The following subdivision examines how the thermic behavior in such part is affected by assorted urban and landscape elements.Impacts of urban elements on UHILocation, construction, urban design and above all the presence of landscape elements can modify the microclimate and influence the summer thermal behavior of urban parts. To exemplify this logical thinking, CFD analyses were performed for two existent territories. Wind flow ( u ) , air temperature ( T ) and average beaming temperature ( Tmrt ) were modelled and the predicted average ballot ( PMV ) was estimated at the peak hr ( 15.00-16.00 autopsy ) of summer design twenty-four hours ( August the 21st ) .Impact on air current flowWind flows in the two survey countries are shown in Figure 11 ( A & A ; B ) . In general, the speed Fieldss show that the air current is tunnelled and H2O org anic structures are doing in some countries random wind flow distribution. In AMJ-ISLND, the chief urban elements, which impact wind flow, seem to be H2O organic structures and edifice blocks. On the one manus, the air current speed is increasing at the boundaries due to the sea zephyr which arises due to differential warming between land and H2O surfaces. As mentioned in subdivision 3.2 that temperatures of sea surfaces are lower than those of land surfaces by at least 3 oC. With the exclusion of point X3Y1 ( 3.4 m/s ) , all points distributed along Y1, show a fast rate of air current flow from the sea towards the northern boundaries. This reflects the alleged Cold Front, in which the heater air mass within the island is replaced by comparatively colder air mass from the North East way. On the other manus, the presence of urban elements, peculiarly edifices, acts over the air current as a shelter diminishing the air current velocity to 1.4 m/s in the Centre ( X3Y4 ) , and ever modi fying the form of air current flow. An of import point to observe is that edifices in this unreal island are planned on irregular web grids. This significantly disturbs air current flow over the island and sometimes deflects air currents. Another point to high spots is that the program and construction of AMJ-ISLND increases the shelter and hence, cut downing the counsel of air current flows to travel across canons and the bunch Centre. Nevertheless, some points, such as X2Y4 ( 4.7 m/s ) , placed at street canons parallel to the prevailing influx shows an addition in wind speed. Unlike AMJ-ISLND, the land bed in the instance of WD-SL is somewhat unsmooth. Impacts of raggedness are obvious at the boundary line of WD-SL, in which air current speed is reduced within the scope of to 0.5 to 1.5 m/s. In this instance, the chief urban elements, which impact wind flow, seem to be the program and construction of edifice blocks. This consequence may stand for the scenario of urban temperature reported by Oke ( 2006 ) . The usage of regular web grids with street canons parallel to the prevailing inflow minimise the shelter and increasing the air current speed. This can be noted at both terminals parallel to the prevailing influx and at street canons taking into the opposite boundaries making air current tunnels. This is really clear in points at Y3 axis. In add-on, the orientation of canons and the web grids are about parallel to the prevailing influx and hence, aid in modifying the form of flow. Nevertheless, the construction at the Centre with concentrated edifices i s barricading the air current flow and has led to cut down the speed to less that 1.5 m/s.Impact on air temperatureTemperature counters ( at 1.5-1.7 m tallness ) enable to detect the perkiness flow impacts on the thermic conditions of the survey countries. These impacts are straight related to the flow behavior of speed Fieldss. Figure 12 ( A & A ; B ) compares air temperature ( T ) counters of the two instances. In WD-SL ( B ) , temperature differences between the Centre, ( points of axes X3-X5 and axesY3-Y5 ) , and boundaries are positive during the examined period, which means that the air temperature in the Centre is higher. The average difference between the Centre and boundaries is about 2.2 oC with and mean between 1.3 oC and 3.7 oC. The highest average differences are found between the Centre and the two points of X2Y5 and X3Y3. This difference is merely because of the presence of flora in the country where these points are located. Similar to WD-SL, temperatures at the Cent re of AMJ-ISLND are higher than those at the boundaries. Some points over H2O have lower temperatures than those over concrete and difficult surfaces even if those points are located near to the Centre. The handiness of H2O increases the difference in temperature between the Centre and boundaries to 2.5-3.5 oC and the presence of H2O and flora together increases this difference to about 5 oC as can be seen in point X5Y4. In brief, most points at boundaries within the two survey countries are somewhat cooler than those at the Centres. Points at the Centres represent high air temperature values as a consequence of slow air current and high denseness, lending towards a decreased loss of stored heat. Due to fluctuation in location, construction, land screen and urban surface, mean average air temperature in WD-SL ( 39.5 A °C ) is warmer than that in AMJ-ISLND ( 37.6 A °C ) . In add-on, the hot waterless conditions in the instance of WD-SL contribute significantly towards higher air temperatures. The mean difference between the two Centres is about 2.4 oC. In AMJ-ISLND, the impact of UHI in the Centre and boundaries is mitigated by the ability of H2O organic structures as urban heat sinks to modify the air temperature. This chilling consequence takes topographic point when hot air is put into contact with the H2O surface with its lower temperature. The flora in the WD-SL is able to keep a lower temper ature due to the vaporization that acts as a regulative mechanism. The influence of flora in WD-SL nevertheless, is non important due to the deficiency of sufficient country and distribution.Impact on thermic behavior and human comfortTmrt ( sometimes is referred to as urban radiant heat island ) is an of import term to analyze how the thermic behavior is affected by assorted urban elements. Figure 13 ( A & A ; B ) compares the Tmrt of the two survey countries. The mean value of 44.7 oC is obtained in AMJ-ISLAND. The difference between the Centre and other points on the horizontal and perpendicular axes is within the scope of 8-17 A °C. The handiness of saltwater in some countries represents an effectual chilling performing artist due to two grounds: foremost, the ability to maintain temperatures low, 2nd, the low coefficient of reflection. The coefficient of reflection of H2O is about 3 % at times of maximal solar radiation, and hence, reflects small solar radiation towards urban elements within the island. It absorbs a big sum of radiation, up to 80 % without any important addition in temperature because of the thermic capacity and vaporization at the H2O surface. In the instance of WD-SL, the mean Tmrt value is about 52.4 A °C. It grows at the Centre due to the concentration of concrete blocks, reduces at the boundaries to make an norm of 45.5 A °C, and falls to about 36.5 A °C at some parts with flora. This consequence confirms the impact of flora on temperature values as reported by Akbari et Al. ( 1992 ) . The presence of green countries in WD-SL modifies the sum of solar radiation making the surface and maintains a lower temperature due to the vaporization that acts as a regulative mechanism. Within the comfort context, the PMV was calculated for the measurement points utilizing ASHREA standards ( ANSI/ASHREA 55-1992 ) . Figure 14 illustrates the PMV in both instances. The consequence shows that the outside conditions during the testing period are uncomfortable, particularly at the Centres of urban countries. The consequence besides shows a important decrease in PMV in countries with H2O organic structures and flora when compared with urban countries with concrete and asphalt. In AMJ-ISLND, the point X5Y4 is with the lowest PMV due to the handiness of flora and its location near to the sea where the H2O and zephyr from the North East contributes towards lower solar radiation and temperature. In contrast, points at the Centre ( points of X2-X4 and Y2-Y3 ) have high PMV values. Some points over H2O organic structures and near to the Centre have lower PMV values than those over concrete and difficult surfaces. The same state of affairs occurs in WD-SL. Points located in coun tries with flora have PMV values lower than those of points located in countries where natural surfaces are removed and replaced by non-evaporating and non-transpiring surfaces such as metal, asphalt and concrete.Decision and future workTo analyze the impact of urbanization on the thermic behavior of urban parts, this work performed a two stairss appraisal: foremost, an appraisal of the impact of urban enlargement on the atmospheric UHI, and 2nd, an appraisal of the impact of urban elements on the microclimate and thermic behavior of new built up countries. For the intent of the first measure, a elaborate statistical analysis of atmospheric UHI features was carried out utilizing elaborate temperature informations of 14 sites ( Table 2 ) distributed all over Bahrain. The consequences indicated that the recent procedure of urbanization led to and increase in the urban temperature by 2-5 oC. This addition was chiefly reinforced by urban activity such as ongoing building procedure, shri nking of green set and sea renewal over the last few old ages. It was found that temperature values of sites at the northern portion are warmer than those at the southern portion. The temperature differences between the Airport as a mention and other urban lands in the northern parts are ever positive, which meant that the air temperature in the airdrome was ever lower. The higher temperature values were chiefly occurred in the undermentioned countries: SITRA was found with the highest values due to industrialization and anthropogenetic heat, followed by M.CNTRL due to monolithic concern and commercial building coupled with heavy traffic, and so dumbly built territories such as H.TOWN, I.TOWN and HIDD due to high concentration of people and monolithic residential enlargement. BYDDIA country is with the lowest air temperature values amongst other urban lands due to the presence of flora coupled with its location near to the sea with predominating air current from North East seashore. For the intent of the 2nd measure, this works examined the thermic behavior of two theoretical accounts stand foring two major territories. They were selected to measure spacial impacts such as construction, urban design and land screen. The findings allowed the sensing of urban elements that contributed to temperature sweetening. It was found that the presence of UHI is a consequence of the absence of climatic urban design and planning, deficiency of H2O organic structures and green screen. The findings of this work can be summarised as follows: There is an addition in air temperature within the scope of 2-3 oC in unreal islands and 3-5 oC in lands with sand screen and hot waterless conditions. Irregular web grids, such as that of AMJ-ISLAND, addition shelter, cut down air current speed and diminish the loss of stored heat in surfaces, hence, lending towards an increased UHI. In contrast, regular web grids with street canons parallel to the predominating influx such as that of WD-SL minimise the shelter, increase the air current speed and increase the loss of stored heat, hence, lending towards a reduced atmospheric UHI. The fluctuation in urban radiant heat island values is dependent on the urban geometry, weather conditions and above all typography and urban surface, peculiarly the handiness of sand and H2O. Comfort degrees in sand screen parts are much higher than those in H2O screen parts. Outside summer conditions ( August ) in Bahrain are by and large uncomfortable, particularly at the Centres of metropolitan countries ; nevertheless, there is a important improve in comfort degree in countries with H2O and flora when compared with countries with concrete and asphalt. This work has shown the impact of urbanization on the thermic comfort and dramatis personae visible radiation on some urban planning solutions in Bahrain. The findings introduced in this work may assist urban contrivers to better the thermic behavior of future and planned territories. Nevertheless, alterations in microclimate impact non merely human comfort but besides the energy demand for chilling edifices. A research concerns with the impact of urbanization on the energy ingestion of new built up countries will be carried out. This research would affect extended temperature informations aggregation for urban surface in Bahrain. These informations would probably be gathered through experimental and numerical surveies.

Cheetahs essays

Cheetahs essays we have all heard about cheetahs and their amazing speed, but these animals may soon be gone. If we dont stop taking over their habitat. Cheetahs are among the oldest of the big cats. They have short fur with black spots, and black stripes from their broad eyes to their mouths. Cheetahs are muscular and lean with broad chest and tiny waist. They can stand as tall as four feet, and can weigh up to 140 pounds. A cheetahs natural diet includes gazelles, impalas, hares, and wilderbeest calves. They hunt only day from around 30 feet away depending a lot on their sight. Cheetahs have binocular vision. The actual chase lasts only seconds and they catch their prey about half the time. They live in the savannahs of sub-Saharan Africa, along with a few hundred in Iran. The is endangered primarily because of loss of habitat to humans, and cattle ranching. Cheetahs have also been killed because they hunt cattle for meat. Cheetahs fur is another reason for poachers to kill cheetahs. In the 1980`s an outbreak of feline infectious peritonitis (F.I.P.) occurred in the cheetah community. Cheetahs are difficult to breed and they are at risk of getting many diseases. Studies show that even wild cheetahs have very little genetic diversity. They went through a genetic bottleneck in the last 1,000 years meaning that there are very little if any diversity now and there was a lot more before. Cheetahs are protected in national parks, and reserves, but overcrowding the Cheetahs to lose their kill to other predators and forces them to leave the safety of the reserve. The Cheetah conservation fund has developed numerous programs in Cambia to ensure the Cheetahs long-term survival. In February 1996, a population habitat viability analysis was held in Cambia and brought together all the stakeholders to address Cheetah conservation issues. This workshop assessed the threats to the Cheetah. There are currently 300cheetahs in the S.S.P. p...

Detrimental Effects of Overpop essays

Detrimental Effects of Overpop essays The Detrimental Effects of Overpopulation The shortsighted policies of the present towards population growth are dangerously narrowing our options for avoiding environmental disaster in the not so faraway future. Ignoring the problem of rapid population growth in the developing world could be the ultimate global blunder one from which there may be no recovery. Numerous concerned organizations are involved in a noble effort to slow the continuing deterioration of the world environment including scores of potentially catastrophic concerns which have long term consequences such as the ozone layer, increased emission of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere causing temperature rise and thus melting the ice cap with the resulting rise of ocean levels, the exhaustion of the crude oil supply and deforestation until there is not enough plant life to convert carbon dioxide back into oxygen, to name just a few. The set of circumstances that will be focused on here are fresh water supply, urbanization, and lastly waste and pollution . The time it takes a population to double in size is a dramatic way to picture rates of population growth, one more easily understood than percentage growth rates. Human populations grow in a pattern that is essentially exponential. According to the Worldwatch Institute, At the end of 1997, we shared the Earth with 80 million more people than a year earlier. Of this total, nearly 50 million people were added in Asia, the region that is already home to more than half of humanity. Each month, the world adds the equivalent of another Sweden(WWI 15). In 1950 the world population was 2.556 billion and by 1987 it had risen to 5.018 billion (U.S. Bureau of the Census). According to these figures it only took 37 years for the population to double; with these figures it could be predicted that in the next 50 years world population could reach 9.4 billion calculated at 1.4% annual growth rate. ...

Global Warming, El Nino, and other Climate Phenomena

Global Warming, El Nino, and other Climate Phenomena The weather we experience is a manifestation of the climate we live in. Our climate is affected by global warming, which has led to many observed changes, including warmer sea temperatures, warmer air temperatures, and changes in the hydrological cycle. In addition, our weather is also affected by natural climate phenomena that operate over hundreds or thousands of miles. These events are often cyclic, as they reoccur at time intervals of various lengths. Global warming can affect the intensity and return intervals of these events. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) issued its 5th Assessment Report in 2014, with a chapter devoted to the effects of climate change on these large scale climate phenomena. Here are some important findings: Monsoons are seasonal wind reversal patterns accompanied by significant rainfall. They are responsible, for example, for the summer thunderstorm periods in Arizona and New Mexico, and the torrential downpours in India’s rainy season. Overall, monsoon patterns will increase in area and intensity with continued climate change. They will start earlier in the year and end later than what had been the average.In North America, where monsoons are limited to the U.S. Southwest region, no change in precipitation due to global warming has been clearly observed. A decrease in the length of the season has been observed, though, and monsoons are expected to be delayed during the year. So there appears to be no relief in sight for the observed (and predicted) increase in frequency of extreme summer temperatures in the U.S. Southwest, contributing to drought.The amount of precipitation from monsoon rains is forecasted to be higher in the more pessimistic scenarios considered by the IPCC. In a scenario of continued reliance on fossil fuel and the absence of carbon capture and storage, total precipitation from monsoons, globally, is estimated to increase by 16% by the end of the 21st century. The El Nià ±o Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is a large area of unusually warm water that develops in the Pacific Ocean off South America, affecting weather over a large portion of the globe. Our ability to model future climates while taking into account El Nià ±o has improved, and it appears that variability in precipitation will increase. In other words, some El Nià ±o events will produce more rainfall and snowfall than expected in some areas of the globe, while others will produce less precipitation than expected.The frequency of tropical cyclones (tropical storms, hurricanes, and typhoons) is likely to stay the same or decrease, globally. The intensity of these storms, both in wind speed and precipitation, is likely to increase. There are no clear changes predicted for the track and intensity of North American extra-tropical storms (Hurricane Sandy became one of those cyclonic storms outside of the tropics).  Ã‚   Predictive models have improved significantly in the last few years, and they are currently being refined to resolve remaining uncertainties. For example, scientists have little confidence when trying to predict changes in monsoons in North America. Pinpointing the effects of the El Nià ±o cycles or the intensity of tropical cyclones in specific areas has also been difficult. Finally, the phenomena described above are largely know by the public, but there are many other cycles: examples include the Pacific Decadal Oscillation, the Madden-Julian Oscillation, and the North Atlantic Oscillation. The interactions between these phenomena, regional climates, and global warming make the business of scaling down global change predictions to specific locations bewilderingly complex. Source IPCC, Fifth Assessment Report. 2013. Climate Phenomena and their Relevance for Future Regional Climate Change.

American Foreign Policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

American Foreign Policy - Essay Example A global hegemony cannot be decided based on public opinion. What matters is international legitimacy which comes from global coalition of willing nations. This is something which US continues to gain ground in thus proving that it is not in a decline. The US has taken the international community as a whole. However, it is worth pointing out that some of this has taken place in a rather begrudging manner. Its position as the world’s super power will only start to decline when the allegiances to the nation break down. America still wields influence, leadership and persuasion in the international stage just as it did decades ago. One clear illustration of this strong influence is its ability to set international laws and at the same time be able to ignore them as it is accountable to no other state in the world. Military power has always been an integral part of hegemony (Jerel and Scott 2014, 60). This was quite evident during the World War period where nations which had the strongest military wielded so much global power in terms of political economy and relations. USSR and the USA were leading in this. Military power depends entirely on economic resources which are at the disposal of the state. It is something which the US has making it the nation with perhaps the most sophisticated military. The US is still moving in a path of progressive and democratic governance. It recognizes the freedom of the press, religion, association and expression. This has earned it legitimate allies that look at the nation as a role model. Despite the fact that it is no saint when it comes to these governance issues, it has a legitimate team of allies that allow dictating stability and global shifts in terms of relations. Arguments have been put across that the growth of economies in certain world countries like China is causing a decline in US influence in global policies. However, this is not true as the economic growth in other nations will

Philosophy Statement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Philosophy Statement - Essay Example (Winter and Uleman, 1984) An ideal leader needs to have determination, influence, leadership, care and concern towards his team members, openness to understand and accept the opinions of members. Ideally situation needs to be such that the team feels that their leader match the characteristics of their leadership theories. The attitudes of different leaders are taken into account and the one showing most positive inclination towards fulfillments of the leadership theories is chosen as the leader. The leader’s passiveness may be reduced when there is a characetr of openness and reflection on the followers’ part. All these automatically impart the requried characteristics in the leader. Leadership refers to a certain property or a group of characteristics taken together such that they are inherent in a person defiend as a leader. Leadership is also a process of enacting these traits into action when required. According to me, the people working with (the leader) should be cooperative, submissive and obedient but at the same time do not hesitate to put forward their valuable suggestions politely. People working with me need to be united and have a progressive thought pattern. I would expect the people to follow my lead in unison and provide their suggestions only when asked instead of acting according to their own will. The people in my team may expect me to provide them with the true value of leadership where they would find me as the guide and a friend until the common goal is reached. People can expect that as a leader, I shall be able to logically explain them the common goal or set of objectives to be achieved and be with them in times of crisis. The people may also expect me to help them take the best possible decision. A very popularized theory I would like to follow is the situational theory. According to the situational leadership method formulated by Blanchard and Hersey,

Reading notes Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Reading notes - Article Example For instance, doctors and lawyers do have diversified codes that suit their fields, but a professor from a business school tends to embrace the claim by Milton Friedman that maximization of profits is the major responsibility or intention of any business. The third outcome of learning is the revelation that there are clear-cut differences between medicine and practicing management. They argue that there is no professional body that is self-regulating and has the chance to monopolize anyone’s entry into the profession. The verbatim phrase from the book is as below stated; More so, it has revealed that it is not necessary for leaders or individuals to have an MBA to be successful leaders in the society. A good example is Bill Gates who has several doodles without any formal training in the same field or related field. The sentence from the book in verbatim is: â€Å"The value of the MBA is that one has successfully completed the rigorous and formal process of learning the critical and analytical thinking required of

You choose a topic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

You choose a topic - Essay Example But studies in the recent few years have associated the mobile phone with undesirable behavior especially among the youth and college students who are found to be on their phones for at least nine hours in a single day. This raises the question especially among behavioral scientists of whether mobile phone usage can become addictive. Even with the numerous advantages, mobile phone usage increasingly being associated with behaviors which are harmful to health and with the potential of being disturbing. Research for instance has associated the use of cell phones while driving with accidents. A wide of body of information is available to suggest the use of cell phones while on the wheel reduces ones capacity to be attentive even in cases there are hands-free devices. Many countries have even gone ahead to ban the use of phones while driving but many people still continue with the habit. In an ironic turn there is evidence of phones turning from their important role of supporting social exchanges to an object obstructing the same. Just many people have found themselves in instances where their mobile phone usage has disturbed their good social exchange. As such, just like smoking the use of mobile phones is increasingly receiving bans in public places e.g. in libraries. On the overall cell phone usage is increasingly becoming associated with antisocial and potentially dangerous behaviors as well as the uncontrollable usage and signs of dependence. it is for these reasons that researchers and clinical practitioners must be aware of the availability of instruments to measure problematic use, socio-demographic and psychological factors thought to play a significant role in mobile phone addiction. Phones were initially solely for communities purposes in terms of calls but the emergence of smart phones allows wider usage of the gadgets. People can now access the internet

Big Lipped Parents Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Big Lipped Parents - Essay Example Placing plates on a girl’s lips causes physical injury. It leads to the sagging of the lips, hence damaging her physical appearance. This practice, therefore, should be perceived as a form of child abuse because it causes physical injury. Moreover, sagging of the lips causes emotional harm. When admitted to school, the girl may undergo a lot of emotional stress because her peers may segregate her. According to Kathleen, a practice that causes emotional harm to a child is usually considered a form of child abuse (62). Finally, logically speaking, planting plates on a girl’s lips does not make her attractive. Despite it being culturally accepted, it causes more harm than good to the child. Fontes asserts that the harm that culture causes, physical and emotional, makes it a form of child abuse (16). As their neighbor, I would talk to their daughter to talk to her parents. I would tell her to inform them of the emotional suffering that they would inflict on her. She should also emphasize the possibility that emotional suffering might affect her grades. As a result, she should tell them that she would prefer to stay at home rather than being demeaned at school. This might help change their stance if they care for their daughter (Fontes

Descartes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 3

Descartes - Essay Example Thus, the dream argument seeks to establish that, inference of the accuracy of information is not entirely a decision that humans can rely on the senses, rather, it is essential to apply rigorous testing to determine their authenticity. The dream argument is a postulation by Descartes. He argues that the act of dreaming is a preliminary evidence of the possibility that the senses that people rely on to make a distinction between reality and illusions are not trustworthy. He further seeks to show that, there is the need for further evaluation of the senses and their perceptions to establish the facts of reality. In the usual life, people dream as they sleep (Descartes 9). However, in these dreams, the people perceive and feel things as though they are real. The people, while in the dream, do not have the knowledge that they are dreaming, they only come to realize they were dreaming when they wake. Thus, this then raises the basis of the dream argument as Descartes presents it, that, there is the possibility that people are constantly dreaming and never wake into reality. Moreover, there is a possibility that people cannot ascertain whether they are in the dream or awake in their engagements. In this first meditation, he presents what is in doubt, opening the mediation with several falsehoods that believed in his life and further faulting of the knowledge that he built on those falsehoods. The mediator sweeps all his former knowledge away, sits himself and decides to build up his knowledge. However, as he realizes from so doing, he establishes that, all the things that he learned in the past came through his senses. He continues further to doubt the foundations of all opinions that he founded on his senses, acknowledging that the senses can deceive. To illustrate his argument, Descartes presents the dream argument using the

Big Lipped Parents Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Big Lipped Parents - Essay Example Placing plates on a girl’s lips causes physical injury. It leads to the sagging of the lips, hence damaging her physical appearance. This practice, therefore, should be perceived as a form of child abuse because it causes physical injury. Moreover, sagging of the lips causes emotional harm. When admitted to school, the girl may undergo a lot of emotional stress because her peers may segregate her. According to Kathleen, a practice that causes emotional harm to a child is usually considered a form of child abuse (62). Finally, logically speaking, planting plates on a girl’s lips does not make her attractive. Despite it being culturally accepted, it causes more harm than good to the child. Fontes asserts that the harm that culture causes, physical and emotional, makes it a form of child abuse (16). As their neighbor, I would talk to their daughter to talk to her parents. I would tell her to inform them of the emotional suffering that they would inflict on her. She should also emphasize the possibility that emotional suffering might affect her grades. As a result, she should tell them that she would prefer to stay at home rather than being demeaned at school. This might help change their stance if they care for their daughter (Fontes